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Plant parasitic nematodes cause serious losses to agricultural crops by damaging roots, reducing nutrient uptake, predisposing plants to secondary infections, and lowering yield and quality. Effective management and control of these nematodes require an integrated and well-planned approach based on knowledge of nematode biology, host range, soil conditions, and cropping systems. Management strategies can be broadly grouped into cultural, physical, biological, chemical, and regulatory measures, all of which together contribute to sustainable nematode control. Cultural practices form the ______ _______ ______ ____ _________.
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