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Leishmania species are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The pathogenicity of Leishmania depends on the species involved, host immune response, and parasite burden. After inoculation, promastigotes are phagocytosed by macrophages and transform into amastigotes, which multiply within the reticuloendothelial system, leading to diverse clinical manifestations collectively known as leishmaniasis. The disease mainly presents in visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and post-kala-azar dermal forms, each with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is mainly caused by Leishmania donovani complex. The parasites disseminate through blood and lymphatics to visceral organs such as the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Pathogenicity is characterized by massive multiplication of amastigotes in ___ _____ _______ ______ ________ ________ ______ _________ ____.
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