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Management and control of plant-parasitic nematodes require an integrated approach that combines cultural, biological, chemical, and resistant variety strategies to reduce nematode populations below economic threshold levels while minimizing environmental impact. Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that attack plant roots, leading to stunted growth, chlorosis, reduced yield, and susceptibility to secondary infections. A systematic management plan begins with accurate diagnosis, monitoring, and regular soil sampling to identify the nematode species and assess population density, which is crucial for ________ _______ ________ _______ _________.
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