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The relationship between gender and domestic technology is a critical area of analysis within the field of Gender, Science, Technology and Society (GSTS). Domestic technologies, such as washing machines, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, and dishwashers, have been widely perceived as tools of liberation, easing the burden of domestic work, particularly for women. However, feminist scholarship complicates this narrative, arguing that such technologies often reinforce existing gender relations and traditional divisions of labor within the home, rather than transforming them. Historically, the domestic sphere has been constructed as a feminized space, and the association of women with unpaid reproductive labor such as cleaning, cooking, and caregiving has deep roots in patriarchal social structures. With the advent of domestic technologies in the 20th century, especially in industrialized societies, expectations arose that these technologies would reduce women's workload and offer them more freedom. Yet, as scholars like Ruth Schwartz Cowan argue in *More Work for Mother* (1983), the introduction of domestic technologies often resulted in a redefinition rather than a reduction of women’s work. Cowan points out that labor-saving devices changed the nature of housework but did not eliminate it. Before domestic appliances, many households relied on shared labor systems involving extended families, hired help, or even neighbors. With the increased availability of appliances like washing machines and electric irons, housework became individualized and professional help became less common. Consequently, the responsibility for operating these technologies fell squarely on women’s shoulders, especially in middle-class nuclear families. Cowan emphasizes that the technological shift often masked the continued exploitation of women's labor under the guise of modern efficiency. Judy Wajcman, a pioneering feminist scholar in science and technology studies, also critiques the idea that technology is inherently emancipatory. In her influential book *Feminism Confronts Technology* (1991), ____ __________ ____ _________ ____ _____ ____ ________ ________ ______ ___.
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