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Social Darwinism and Social Evolutionism are two important theoretical frameworks that emerged in the 19th century, particularly influenced by developments in the natural sciences, especially Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. Though often confused or used interchangeably, these theories differ significantly in their principles, assumptions, and implications. Both, however, intersect critically with the study of gender, science, technology, and society, as they have been used historically to justify social hierarchies, colonialism, racism, patriarchy, and economic inequality. Social Darwinism is an application of the concept of natural selection to human societies. The basic principle of Social Darwinism is “survival of the fittest,” a phrase popularized by Herbert Spencer, who applied Darwinian ideas to social and economic life. According to this view, societies evolve through competition and natural selection, where the strongest individuals, races, or nations rise to the top while the weak decline. This ideology was often used to rationalize imperialism, colonial domination, racial superiority, and class-based stratification. It assumes that social inequality is a natural and inevitable consequence of inherent differences in ability and fitness. The scientific legitimacy of Social Darwinism has always been contested, and it was criticized ________ _______ ____ ______ _______ ___.
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