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Labour market discrimination and exploitation are central issues in understanding gender inequalities in work, employment, and productivity. Discrimination in the labour market refers to unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on gender, race, caste, ethnicity, or other social identities rather than merit or productivity. Exploitation, on the other hand, occurs when workers are deprived of fair wages, decent working conditions, or opportunities for growth despite their contribution to economic production. Various theories have been developed to explain how these dynamics persist in modern economies, and each provides a lens through which gender issues in employment can be examined. One of the most widely discussed frameworks is the human capital theory. This theory assumes that wages and employment opportunities are determined by the skills, education, training, and experience that workers bring to the market. According to this perspective, women often face lower wages and fewer opportunities because they invest less in human capital compared to men. For example, women might take breaks from their careers for childcare or work fewer hours in paid employment, which results in lower accumulation of experience and skills. While this theory helps explain some disparities, it has been criticized for ignoring structural and social barriers that prevent women from acquiring equal human capital or fully benefiting from their education. Studies show that even when women have equal or higher education than men, they still earn less, suggesting that discrimination cannot be explained only by differences in human capital. Another influential approach is Becker’s theory of taste-based discrimination. Proposed by economist Gary Becker, this theory argues that some employers, co-workers, or customers may hold prejudices against certain groups, such as women, and are willing to bear economic costs to avoid working with them. For instance, an employer might prefer to hire a less qualified man over a highly skilled woman because of personal biases. Similarly, customers may ________ ________ _______ ____ ___ ________ ________ _________ _____ _______ ___ _____.
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