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Labour market discrimination and exploitation are critical concerns within the domain of gender issues in work, employment, and productivity. Various economic, sociological, and feminist theories attempt to explain the persistence of gender-based inequalities in the labour market. These theories shed light on how structural, institutional, and individual biases affect the participation, remuneration, mobility, and working conditions of women and marginalized genders. The following are key theories that explain labour market discrimination and exploitation, supported by suitable examples. 1. Human Capital Theory The Human Capital Theory argues that differences in earnings and employment outcomes are due to variations in individual characteristics such as education, skills, experience, and training. According to this theory, if women invest less in education or work experience—perhaps due to family responsibilities—they are likely to earn less than men. While this theory offers a supply-side explanation, it has been critiqued for ignoring structural discrimination and the undervaluation of women’s skills. For example, women may take career breaks for childbearing and rearing, leading to lower cumulative experience than men. However, even when controlling for education and experience, wage gaps persist, indicating that other forms of discrimination are at play. 2. Dual Labour Market Theory This theory suggests that the labour market is divided into two segments: the ____ _______ _______ _______ ___ ________.
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