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Epidemics and pandemics have been recurrent features of human history, but their trends and patterns have undergone significant changes due to demographic, environmental, technological, and socio-economic transformations. In geography, the study of epidemics and pandemics focuses on their spatial distribution, diffusion processes, regional vulnerability, and interactions between humans and the environment. Globalisation has emerged as one of the most influential factors shaping the spread, intensity, and management of infectious diseases. An epidemic refers to the rapid spread of an infectious disease within a specific community, region, or country, whereas a pandemic is an epidemic that extends across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large proportion of the global population. Historical examples include the Black Death, the 1918 Spanish Flu, HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, and ________ _____ _________ _______ ____ __________ _______.
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