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India has developed a comprehensive institutional framework for disaster governance that emphasizes prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and reconstruction. This framework was significantly strengthened after the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004, leading to the enactment of the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The institutional arrangements in India follow a multi-level approach involving the central government, state governments, district administrations, local bodies, scientific organizations, and community participation. The Disaster Management Act, 2005, serves as the legal foundation for disaster governance in India. It establishes authorities at the national, state, and district levels and clearly defines their roles and responsibilities. The Act promotes a shift from a relief-centric approach to a proactive and integrated disaster risk management strategy. It also provides guidelines for planning, coordination, capacity building, and resource mobilization. At the national level, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the apex body responsible for formulating disaster management policies, plans, and guidelines. It is chaired by the Prime Minister of India. The NDMA develops national _____ _______ ______ ___ ___ ____ ________.
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