Explain the various sources of teratogens and their effects. Describe the process of teratogenesis and the mechanism of action.

Teratogens are substances that can cause abnormalities or malformations in developing embryos or fetuses, leading to birth defects. The sources of teratogens are diverse, ranging from environmental pollutants to pharmaceuticals and infectious agents. Understanding these sources and their effects is crucial in the field of environmental toxicology.

Environmental sources of teratogens include exposure to pollutants in air, water, and soil. For example, heavy metals like lead and mercury, as well as certain pesticides and industrial chemicals, have been identified as teratogenic. Maternal exposure to these substances during pregnancy can result in a variety of birth defects, affecting organs and systems such as the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and skeletal system.

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