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Patient safety refers to the prevention of avoidable harm to patients during healthcare delivery and the reduction of unnecessary risks associated with diagnosis, treatment, medication, surgery, infection control, and other healthcare processes. It is an essential component of quality healthcare because even when healthcare professionals possess adequate knowledge and skills, unsafe systems, communication failures, human errors, equipment problems, and organizational weaknesses can result in patient injury or death. Patient safety is therefore not only the responsibility of an individual healthcare worker but also a responsibility of healthcare organizations, managers, policymakers, and the healthcare system as a whole. The need for patient safety arises from the complex nature of modern healthcare. Patients may undergo multiple investigations, receive several medicines, interact with different healthcare professionals, and move between departments or institutions. Every transition creates opportunities for errors. Common preventable adverse events include medication errors, wrong-patient or wrong-site procedures, healthcare-associated infections, falls, pressure injuries, diagnostic errors, transfusion errors, surgical complications, and failures in communication. Such incidents can lead to prolonged hospitalization, disability, psychological suffering, increased healthcare costs, loss of income, and sometimes death. Patient safety is also closely related to worker safety. Healthcare workers operate in environments where they may be exposed to infectious diseases, sharps injuries, hazardous chemicals, radiation, violence, ergonomic hazards, and psychological stress. A safe working environment helps workers provide safer care. _________ ____ __________ _________ _______.
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