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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections acquired by patients while receiving treatment in hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, or other healthcare settings. They may develop during hospitalization or become evident after discharge if the infection was acquired during healthcare exposure. Common HAIs include surgical-site infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, central-line-associated bloodstream infections, hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms. Prevention of HAIs is essential for both patient safety and worker safety because healthcare workers can acquire infections from patients, contaminated equipment, body fluids, or unsafe working environments and can subsequently transmit them to other patients. Hand hygiene is the most fundamental and effective strategy for preventing HAIs. Healthcare workers should clean their hands before touching a patient, before performing an aseptic procedure, after exposure to body fluids, after touching a patient, and after touching the patient's surroundings. Alcohol-based hand rubs are generally preferred when hands are not visibly soiled, while soap and water should be used when hands are visibly dirty and in situations where certain infectious agents require thorough washing. Patients and visitors should also be encouraged to maintain hand hygiene. Adequate availability of handwashing facilities, alcohol-based hand rubs, soap, clean water, and disposable towels is necessary. Regular training, observation, reminders, and feedback can improve compliance among healthcare workers. Standard precautions should be applied to every patient, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status. These precautions include hand hygiene, ___ ______ ___ _________ __________ ___ ________ _________ ___ ______ _________ _______.
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