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Urbanization and migration in India are deeply intertwined processes that have significantly shaped the country’s economic and social landscape. Urbanization refers to the increasing concentration of the population in urban areas, while migration is the movement of people from one place to another, often in search of better opportunities. Both phenomena are driven by industrialization, globalization, and economic transformation, but they also generate complex issues that affect society at large, with women being among the most vulnerable groups impacted. One of the foremost issues of urbanization in India is the unplanned and haphazard growth of cities. Rapid urban expansion, without adequate infrastructure, has led to the proliferation of slums and informal settlements. Millions of migrants, particularly women from rural areas, move to cities in search of employment but end up living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Access to basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, and healthcare is limited, and women disproportionately suffer because of inadequate facilities for maternal health, child care, and safe housing. This lack of infrastructure also places additional burdens on women, as they must often manage both productive and reproductive roles within resource-constrained environments. Migration in India is largely characterized by rural-to-urban movement, seasonal labor migration, and distress migration caused by agricultural stagnation, unemployment, and natural disasters. Male-dominated migration patterns often leave women behind in rural areas to take care of households and agricultural __________ ________ ________ _______ __________ ____ _______ ____ _____.
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