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Occupational segregation refers to the distribution of men and women across different types of jobs, industries, and positions in a way that reflects gender-based patterns rather than purely skills or qualifications. It is a significant aspect of gender inequality in the labor market and can be categorized into horizontal and vertical segregation. Horizontal segregation occurs when men and women are concentrated in different sectors or occupations—for example, nursing and teaching being predominantly female, while construction and engineering remain male-dominated. Vertical segregation refers to differences in hierarchical levels within the same occupation, where women are underrepresented in managerial or leadership roles even in fields where they form the majority of the workforce. Several causes contribute to occupational segregation. First, cultural and social norms play a _____ ________ _____ ___ ______ ________ ______ ________ _________ __________ ___ ___.
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