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Climate change exerts profound and multifaceted impacts on ocean ecosystems, disrupting the delicate balance that sustains marine life and the services it provides to humanity. One of the most significant consequences is ocean warming, driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As oceans absorb the majority of excess heat from the planet, surface and subsurface temperatures rise, altering physical and biological processes. Warmer waters reduce the solubility of oxygen, contributing to deoxygenation and creating hypoxic zones where marine organisms struggle to survive. Thermal stress affects the physiology, reproduction, and distribution of species, prompting poleward migrations and shifts in community composition, thereby undermining the stability of marine food webs. Coral reefs, among the most biodiverse marine habitats, are particularly vulnerable to elevated sea temperatures. Prolonged exposure to heat triggers coral bleaching, a stress response in which corals expel their symbiotic algae, losing color and essential energy sources. If temperatures remain high, mortality rates increase, leading to ___ ________ _________ ______ __________ ___ _____ _____ _______ ___.
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