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Climate change poses significant challenges to public health infrastructure globally. As the Earth’s climate continues to warm due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and sea-level rise are creating complex and interlinked health crises. These climate-driven impacts are straining public health systems that are often unprepared to manage such emerging threats. Vulnerable populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are disproportionately affected due to limited adaptive capacity and fragile health services. One of the primary impacts of climate change on public health infrastructure is the increased burden of climate-sensitive diseases. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns affect the distribution of vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Warmer temperatures expand the habitats of disease-carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks into regions that were previously unsuitable for their survival. For instance, highland areas in East Africa and parts of South America that were once malaria-free are now witnessing outbreaks. Public health infrastructure in these regions is often ill-equipped to monitor, prevent, and treat such diseases, leading to higher morbidity and mortality. Extreme weather events such as heatwaves, floods, hurricanes, and droughts have become more frequent and intense. These events directly damage health infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and supply chains for medicines and vaccines. Heatwaves, in particular, cause a surge in heat-related illnesses such as heatstroke, dehydration, and cardiovascular events, especially among the elderly, children, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Health systems experience an overload of emergency cases, stretching already limited resources. For example, during the European heatwave of 2003, over 70,000 people died, and hospitals were overwhelmed with patients. Many facilities lacked adequate cooling systems or emergency preparedness plans to handle such crises. Flooding caused by extreme rainfall or rising sea levels _________ ___ _______ _______ ____ ___ _____.
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