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The impacts of climate change on the ocean ecosystem have emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface and play a vital role in regulating the global climate, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide, and providing food, livelihood, and biodiversity. However, the rising concentration of greenhouse gases and associated global warming are profoundly altering marine environments. These impacts are complex and interconnected, influencing physical processes, biological communities, and human societies that depend on marine resources. One of the most visible impacts of climate change on the ocean ecosystem is ocean warming. The oceans absorb about 90 percent of the excess heat generated by greenhouse gases. This rise in sea surface temperature has multiple consequences. Warmer waters affect the physiology, behavior, and distribution of marine species. Many fish, plankton, and invertebrates are shifting their ranges towards cooler waters, typically towards the poles or into deeper layers of the ocean. This disrupts established food webs and fisheries that coastal communities rely upon. Coral reefs, which thrive in stable temperature conditions, are particularly vulnerable. When sea temperatures rise beyond their tolerance level, corals expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, leading to coral bleaching. If such events are prolonged or recurrent, corals die, resulting in the collapse of reef ecosystems that host thousands of species. The loss of coral reefs also reduces natural __________ ________ __________ _________ ______ ______ _______ _______.
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