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Mountain ecosystems are among the most sensitive and rapidly changing environments on the planet, making them highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. These regions are characterized by steep gradients of temperature, precipitation and biodiversity, and even slight climatic shifts can have pronounced consequences for the landscape, species composition and human communities that depend on them. One of the most significant impacts is the accelerated melting of glaciers, which serve as vital freshwater reservoirs. Rising global temperatures have increased glacial retreat across major mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, Andes and Alps. As glaciers shrink, downstream water availability becomes increasingly unpredictable, with initial phases of excessive meltwater followed by long-term water scarcity. This affects not only mountainous flora and fauna but also millions of people who rely on glacier-fed rivers for drinking water, irrigation and hydropower generation. Changes in temperature patterns also influence the distribution of species. Many plant and animal species in mountain ecosystems are adapted to narrow climate niches, and warming temperatures force them to migrate to higher altitudes in search of suitable conditions. This upward migration is not limitless, and species at the highest ____ ________ _________ _______ _________ ______ _____ ______.
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