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Urban heat island (UHI) effect is a phenomenon where urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their surrounding rural regions. This temperature difference arises due to a combination of human activities, alterations in land surfaces, and modifications in energy balance within urban environments. The primary causes of the UHI effect include the replacement of natural vegetation with impervious surfaces such as asphalt, concrete, and buildings. These materials have higher heat capacities and lower albedo, causing them to absorb and retain more solar radiation during the day and release it slowly at night. Consequently, urban areas remain warmer even after sunset compared to rural regions, which can cool rapidly due to the presence of vegetation and soil that facilitate heat dissipation. Another contributing factor is anthropogenic heat release, which originates from vehicles, industrial processes, air conditioning systems, and other energy-consuming activities. The continuous emission of heat from these sources compounds the warming effect in cities. Urban geometry also plays a role; the dense arrangement of tall buildings, narrow streets, and reduced open spaces _____ ______ ________ ______ _________ __________ _____ ___.
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