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The failure of the Indian National Congress to contain the Muslim League and its brand of communal politics resulted from a combination of political, ideological, organizational, and constitutional factors that evolved over several decades. While the Congress remained the principal organization of the national movement and claimed to represent all Indians irrespective of religion, it could not effectively prevent the League from emerging as the dominant political voice of a large section of Indian Muslims by the 1940s. One of the major reasons was the separate electorate introduced by the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms). This institutionalized communal representation and encouraged political mobilization on religious lines. Instead of promoting a common national identity, the colonial government strengthened communal consciousness by treating Hindus and Muslims as separate political communities. The Muslim League benefited from this constitutional arrangement and gradually expanded its political influence. The British policy of "Divide and Rule" further intensified communal divisions. The colonial administration often encouraged communal organizations and exploited differences between religious communities to weaken the national movement. Constitutional reforms, separate electorates, and communal awards reinforced the League's _______ __________ ____ ____ ______.
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