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The failure of the Indian National Congress to contain the growth of the Muslim League and prevent the demand for Pakistan was the result of a combination of political, constitutional, social, and administrative factors. Although the Congress claimed to represent all Indians irrespective of religion, several developments between the early twentieth century and 1947 strengthened the League's position among Muslims. One of the most important factors was the British policy of divide and rule. The British encouraged communal divisions by granting separate electorates under the Indian Councils Act of 1909 and later extending communal representation through the Government of India Act, 1919, and the Communal Award of 1932. These constitutional measures ________ _________ ________ _________ ___ __________ _________ _______ __________ _____.
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