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Population growth in any ecosystem is controlled by a variety of regulatory factors that either limit or promote the size of populations over time. These factors are broadly categorized as density-dependent and density-independent, and their influence is central to the principles of ecology. Density-dependent factors are those whose effects on population growth increase or decrease depending on the population density. In contrast, density-independent factors regulate population growth regardless of population size, usually through external environmental influences. Both categories include biotic and abiotic components and interact in complex ways to shape population dynamics. Density-dependent factors are typically biotic in nature and operate ___ _________ ____ ________ ____ _____ _________ _____ ____.
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