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Theory X and Theory Y were proposed by Douglas McGregor in his book *The Human Side of Enterprise* in 1960, and they have since become influential frameworks in understanding human behavior in organizations. These theories present two contrasting views of workers and serve as assumptions that managers hold about employee motivation and behavior. They shape managerial styles, organizational culture, and employee relations significantly. Theory X assumes that the average worker inherently dislikes work and will avoid it whenever possible. According to this view, people prefer to be directed, avoid responsibility, lack ambition, and primarily seek security. They ___ _______ _______ ________ ________ _____ _____ _______ _________ __________.
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