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Sustainable development refers to a development model that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It emphasizes the balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. The concept became prominent with the 1987 Brundtland Commission Report and has since shaped global and national policy frameworks. In the Indian context, sustainable development has gained relevance amid rapid economic growth, environmental degradation, and socio-economic inequalities. India's democratic structure and developmental priorities have significantly influenced its approach to sustainability. India's environmental challenges are complex and multifaceted. As a developing country with a large and growing population, India faces the dual burden of ensuring economic growth and managing natural resources sustainably. Key environmental challenges include air and water pollution, deforestation, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and the impacts of climate change. These challenges are exacerbated by industrialization, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices. India’s response to these challenges has evolved over time through constitutional provisions, legislative measures, institutional frameworks, national policies, and international commitments. The Indian Constitution provides the foundation for environmental protection. Article 48A (Directive Principles of State Policy) mandates the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Article 51A(g) makes it a fundamental duty of citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. Judicial interpretations by the Supreme Court have expanded the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life) to include the right to a clean and healthy environment. The judiciary has played an active role in enforcing environmental rights and ensuring compliance through Public Interest Litigations (PILs). India has enacted several laws to address environmental issues. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrella legislation for environmental governance. Other key laws include the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control ________ _________ ___ _________ _____ _________ __________.
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