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Identity-based regionalism in India is a complex phenomenon that has evolved over decades, rooted in historical, cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and economic disparities. It refers to the assertion of regional identity—based on language, ethnicity, caste, religion, or cultural heritage—by groups that seek political, administrative, or economic recognition, often resulting in demands for greater autonomy or separate statehood within the Indian Union. While regionalism can be a healthy expression of democratic aspirations and cultural diversity, when driven by identity-based exclusivism, it poses challenges to national integration. The emergence of identity-based regionalism in India can be traced back to the pre-independence period, where various regions harbored distinct cultural, linguistic, and historical identities. The British policy of "divide and rule" further accentuated regional and communal identities, laying the groundwork for post-independence identity politics. After independence, the linguistic reorganization of states in 1956 institutionalized identity-based regionalism by recognizing language as a legitimate basis for statehood. This created a precedent, encouraging other communities and regions to make similar demands based on their unique identity. The linguistic reorganization started with the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1953, following Potti Sriramulu’s death during a hunger strike for a separate Telugu-speaking state. This triggered a chain of identity-driven movements across India, leading to the formation of states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, and others. While this recognized regional aspirations within the framework of Indian federalism, it also introduced a trend of political mobilization around identity. Over the years, identity-based regionalism has manifested in several forms, including demands for statehood (e.g., Telangana, Gorkhaland, Bodoland, Vidarbha), greater autonomy (e.g., in Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland), and even secession (e.g., Khalistan movement in Punjab, Naga insurgency). ___ _________ ________ ______ ______ __________ _____ ______ _____ _______.
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