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Caste is one of the most defining features of social stratification in India. It represents a unique and complex form of hierarchical social organization that has shaped the Indian society for centuries. Unlike class-based stratification that is largely economic and fluid, caste stratification is rigid, hereditary, and deeply embedded in cultural and religious traditions. The caste system in India is primarily rooted in the Hindu tradition, though its influence extends to other communities through processes of social interaction and cultural diffusion. The caste system is traditionally divided into four major varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (traders and merchants), and Shudras (servants and laborers). Outside this fourfold division are the Dalits, formerly referred to as "untouchables," who were historically marginalized and excluded from the mainstream social order. This varna model represents an idealized version of caste hierarchy and is often critiqued for its oversimplification, as actual caste practices in India are far more complex and varied, involving thousands of jatis (sub-castes), which are endogamous and localized social groups. Caste as a system of stratification is characterized by several key features. First, it is hereditary in nature, meaning one’s caste is determined by birth and not by personal _____ ___ ________ ______ __________.
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