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The role of the state in addressing social inequality in India has been central and multifaceted, given the historical and structural complexities of Indian society. Social stratification, which refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on caste, class, gender, religion, and other socio-economic variables, has deeply influenced Indian social life. These divisions have created profound inequalities that have persisted over centuries. The Indian state, particularly after independence, has undertaken a variety of legislative, constitutional, economic, and policy measures to mitigate these inequalities and promote a more egalitarian social structure. India’s constitution itself is a fundamental instrument aimed at combating social inequality. It enshrines the principles of justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity, and mandates affirmative action for historically disadvantaged groups. The Directive Principles of State Policy further emphasize the role of the state in ensuring social and economic justice. Social stratification, especially through the rigid caste system, has led to entrenched disadvantages for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), women, and religious minorities. To address these, the state has played an interventionist role by adopting policies of positive discrimination and social welfare. One of the most notable interventions by the state has been the reservation system. This system provides quotas in education, employment, and political representation for SCs, STs, and later for OBCs. The objective is to level the playing field by giving these communities access to opportunities that were historically denied to them. Reservations in higher education institutions and public sector __________ ________ __________ ______ __________ ____ ____ ________.
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