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Social stratification refers to the systematic arrangement of individuals and groups in a society into hierarchical layers or strata based on factors such as wealth, power, education, occupation, caste, and social status. This stratification creates structured inequalities in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among people. It is a fundamental aspect of social organization and exists in all societies, although its forms and intensities may differ. Social stratification is deeply embedded in societal institutions, shaping the life chances and social mobility of individuals and groups. Social stratification is a multidimensional concept that involves not only economic disparities but also political influence, cultural recognition, and social prestige. It determines how access to goods, services, rights, and responsibilities are distributed in society. While some forms of stratification are open and allow for mobility (e.g., class), others are closed and restrictive (e.g., caste). The study of social stratification helps to understand the persistence of social inequality, the reproduction of privilege, and the challenges to achieving equity and justice. ### Key Features of Social Stratification 1. Hierarchical Arrangement One of the defining features of social stratification is its hierarchical nature. Individuals and groups are ranked according to their social position, with some enjoying greater privileges and others facing disadvantages. This hierarchy may be based on various criteria such as income, caste, race, ethnicity, gender, education, or occupation. For example, in a class-based system, those with higher income and better jobs occupy the top rungs of the hierarchy, while those with lower income and fewer opportunities are placed at the bottom. 2. Structured Inequality Social stratification leads to structured inequalities in society. These inequalities are not random or accidental but are institutionalized and maintained over time. Access to resources such as wealth, power, education, and health care is distributed unevenly, and these disparities are often inherited across generations. The inequality is systemic, meaning that it is built into the fabric of societal institutions such as the legal system, education, labor markets, and political ______ ______ _________ __________ _____ _____ ___ _______.
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