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Obstetric emergencies are sudden, unexpected, and potentially life-threatening complications that occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery, or the immediate postpartum period and require prompt recognition and immediate management. They may threaten the life or health of the mother, the fetus, or both. In maternal health nursing, obstetric emergencies are considered situations in which delay in diagnosis or treatment can rapidly lead to severe morbidity, permanent disability, or death. Therefore, the ability of nurses and other healthcare professionals to identify warning signs, initiate emergency measures, arrange timely referral, and provide appropriate supportive care is essential. Pregnancy and childbirth are generally physiological processes, but complications can develop rapidly even in women who had an apparently normal pregnancy. An obstetric emergency may arise from complications of pregnancy itself, abnormalities of labour, problems with the placenta, excessive bleeding, hypertensive disorders, infection, or fetal distress. The severity of these emergencies varies, but all require urgent assessment and appropriate intervention. The major obstetric emergencies during pregnancy include severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, abortion with severe bleeding, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and other conditions associated with shock or severe maternal illness. Severe pre-eclampsia is characterized by dangerously high blood pressure accompanied by signs of organ involvement. If untreated, it may progress to eclampsia, in which the woman develops convulsions. Eclampsia is a major emergency because seizures can result in maternal injury, cerebral complications, aspiration, fetal hypoxia, and death. Immediate management includes maintaining the airway, preventing injury, controlling convulsions with appropriate medication, controlling severe hypertension, and arranging definitive obstetric management. Antepartum haemorrhage refers to bleeding from the genital tract after the period of fetal viability and before the birth of the baby. Important causes include placenta praevia and placental abruption. In placenta praevia, the placenta lies abnormally close to or over the cervical opening and may cause painless vaginal bleeding. In placental abruption, __________ __________ ________ _________ _____ ___ ____ __________ ________ _______.
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