Word Count : 1225

---

Placental abruption, also known as abruptio placentae, is a serious obstetric complication in which a normally situated placenta separates partially or completely from the uterine wall before the birth of the baby. Because the placenta is the main organ responsible for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between the mother and fetus, premature separation can rapidly compromise fetal oxygenation and may cause significant maternal blood loss. It usually occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy and is an important cause of antepartum haemorrhage, maternal morbidity, fetal distress and perinatal mortality. The clinical presentation varies according to the degree of placental separation, the location of the bleeding and whether the blood escapes through the vagina or remains concealed behind the placenta. The exact cause of placental abruption is not always identifiable. In many cases, it results from damage to the maternal blood vessels supplying the placenta. Rupture of these vessels causes bleeding into the decidua, and the collection of blood may gradually separate the placenta from the uterine wall. Several maternal, obstetric and environmental factors can increase the risk of this process. One of the most important risk factors is maternal hypertension. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension, particularly preeclampsia, are strongly associated with placental abruption. Persistent high blood pressure can damage the small blood vessels of the placenta and increase the likelihood of haemorrhage and separation. Previous history of placental abruption is another important risk factor. A woman who has experienced abruption in a previous pregnancy has a higher risk of recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy. Trauma to the abdomen can also cause placental separation. Motor vehicle accidents, falls, blows to the abdomen and physical injuries may produce shearing forces between the placenta and uterine wall. The risk is particularly significant when trauma is severe. Sudden decompression of the uterus, such as after rupture of membranes in the _____ ________ _____ ________ _____ _______ ______ ______ ______ __________ ___.
__________ ___ _____ ______ _____ ______ _________ _____ _____ ______ _______.
__________ __________ ___ ________ __________ ________ ____.
__________ ______ ________ ______ ___ _____ ____ _______ _____ _________ ____ _____.
_______ _________ _____ ____ _____.
___ __________ _____ _________ _______ ______ ______ _____ _______ _________ _____.
__________ ______ _______ _________ _____ ____ _________ ______ ___ _____.
______ ________ ____ ____ ____ ________ ________ ________ _________ ______ __________.
_________ _________ _________ _______ ______.
_________ ________ _____ _____ ___ _____ ________ _________ ________ _____ ____ ______.
__________ _________ ______ _________ ___ _________ ___.
_______ ________ _____ ______ ________ _________ _______ ____ _________ ______ ____.
________ ___ ________ _________ _______ __________ ___.
_______ __________ __________ _______ __________ ________ ______ _________ _______.
_________ ____ __________ _____ ___ ______ _________ _______.
_____ _____ ______ ___ _______ __________.
__________ __________ ____ ___ _________ __________.
________ _______ __________ ___ __________ _________ _________ __________ ____ _____ _______ ___.
__________ ________ ____ ________ _____ __________ _______ ___ ___ ___ __________ _____.
__________ ________ ____ _________ _______ _____ ______ _________ ________ ____.
_____ _______ ____ ___ _______ ____ _________ __________.
__________ _____ ______ ________ ______ ______ ______ __________ ___ _________ _______ ________.
__________ ___ ___ _____ _______ ________ _______ __________ _______ _______ _____.
____ ________ _______ _________ __________ ____ ________.
__________ ________ __________ _____ __________ _____.
________ ________ _______ __________ ________ ___ ____ ___ _______.
______ _______ ____ _______ ________ ________ ____ ____ __________.
_____ ___ ______ ________ __________ ______ _________ ______ ______ __________ ____.
__________ _______ _____ _______ _________.
________ ____ ______ __________ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _________ _______.
________ _______ ____ ______ _________ __________ ______ ______ ___ __________ ___ _________.
_____ ________ ________ _______ _____ _________ ___ ________.
______ ______ ____ _______ ______.
_____ ___ ______ _______ ______ ___.
_________ _________ __________ ________ __________ ____ ______ ________ _______ __________.
_____ ________ ________ _________ _____.
_________ _____ ___ ________ ______ _______ __________ ______ ______.
____ ____ _____ ______ _______ ____ ________ _____ ___ __________ __________ ________.
____ ____ __________ ________ __________ _____ ________ _________ _____ ________ ______ __________.
_________ ___ _____ ______ ____ _________ _____ _________.
______ __________ ____ __________ ________ _______ ______ ____ __________ ______ _____ _______.
_________ ____ _________ __________ _____ ___ _______ ____ _________.
_________ ______ ___ _______ ______ __________ ______ _______.
_____ ___ _______ ________ ______ _________ _____ __________ ____ ___ __________ _____.
___ _____ _____ _________ ________ ________ ___ ___ _________.
________ _________ _______ _____ _______ __________ _________ ________.
______ ______ ________ __________ ____.
______ _______ _______ ______ ___ ________ ______ ________.
_________ _________ _________ _______ ________ ______ __________ ___ ______ _______ ___ _________.
____ ___ ___ ____ ______.
_______ _______ _____ __________ ________ ________ _________ ____ ____ __________ ________.
___ ________ ________ _______ ___.
____ _________ ______ _____ _________ ___ _____ _____ _____ ______.
___ ________ _______ _____ ___ _____ ___.
____ ___ __________ _____ ______ __________ _________ _____ _________ _________ __________.
___ ___ ___ _______ __________ ____ ___.
________ ___ _________ _______ ___ ____ _______ ____ _________ ______ ___.
_______ __________ __________ ________ ____.
________ ___ ____ ____ __________ ______ _________ _____ ___ ________ ____ _______.
__________ __________ __________ __________ ___ ____.
______ ___ _______ __________ ____ ______ __________ ___.
____ _________ _____ _____ ________ _________ __________ ____ _________ _________ ____.
_____ __________ _____ ______ _______ ______ _________ _________ ___ __________.
______ ______ ________ __________ _____ ______ ________.
_____ ________ ________ __________ ___ _____ _________ ________ ____ ____.
_________ __________ ___ _________ ________ ___ ______ _________ _________.
______ __________ _______ ________ __________ ___ _____ ____ _______ _____ _______.
_____ _________ __________ ________ _______ _________ ________ _____ _____ ______ __________ ____.
______ ____ ________ ___ ______ _____.
___ ______ _____ _______ _______ ________ ___ __________.
____ ___ _____ ____ _________ ___ ____ _____ ________.
________ ______ ____ ___ __________ _______ __________ _____.
_____ ____ ______ _____ ____ _______.
___ ____ __________ _________ _________ _______ __________.
________ _______ ______ ___ ________ _______ ____ _________ _________.
_______ _______ ___ ___ __________.
___ _________ ____ _______ _____ _______ __________.
________ _________ ___ ______ ____.
_________ _____ _____ _______ _________.
______ _____ _________ ______ ______ _____.
_____ ___ ______ ____ __________.
____ _________ _________ _______ ___ _______ __________ ______ _________ ____ _____ __________.
_______ ___ ___ ________ __________ ________ ____ ________.
_____ ____ ______ __________ ___ ________ ______ ____ __________ _________ _______ __________.
______ ____ ____ ______ _________.
_________ _________ _________ _____ _____ ___ _________ ___ ______ _____.
___ ____ __________ _________ ___ ________ _____ __________ ____.
____ ______ ______ _______ __________ ______ ___ _________ _____.
_________ _____ ________ ______ ______ _____ ___ ________ _______ ___.
______ _____ ______ ___ _________ ____ ___ ______.
______ ______ ________ ______ ______ ____ ____ ___ _______.
___ __________ ________ ________ _______ _________ ______ _____ ______ _______ __________.
________ __________ ___ _____ ________ _________ ____ _____.
__________ ___ ____ ______ ____ ______ ___ ______ ___.
______ ________ ______ ________ _______ ____ _______.
_______ ___ _________ ________ ______ _________ ______ _____ ______.
_________ ___ ________ __________ __________ ___ ________ _______ _______ __________ __________.
_________ _____ __________ __________ __________ _________ ____.
_______ ___ _______ _____ ____ _________ ___ ___ ________ ______ ____ ______.
__________ ________ _________ ______ ___ _________ ______ ___.
_________ ______ ____ __________ _______ ________ _____ ____ _________ ___.
___ __________ ________ _______ ____.
__________ _________ ________ ______ ________ _______ _____ ____ ____ _________ _______.
__________ __________ _____ ________ ______ ____ _____.
__________ _____ ________ __________ _________ ________ _______ ______ ______ _________ ___.
_________ ________ __________ ______ ____.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp