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The umbilical cord (Funiculus umbilicalis) is a flexible, rope-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta. It is an essential component of the fetoplacental circulation because it provides the pathway for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic waste products between the fetus and placenta. The umbilical cord develops during early pregnancy and remains attached to the fetal surface of the placenta until birth. In maternal health nursing, knowledge of its anatomy, functions, development, abnormalities, and care is important for assessing fetal well-being and preventing complications during pregnancy, labour, and after birth. The umbilical cord usually develops from the connecting stalk and extraembryonic structures during the early embryonic period. As the embryo grows and the amnion expands, the connecting stalk becomes incorporated into the developing cord. The cord normally contains three blood vessels: two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. These vessels are surrounded by a gelatinous connective tissue called Wharton's jelly and are covered externally by amnion. Wharton's jelly protects the vessels from compression and helps maintain blood flow even when the cord bends or twists. At term, the umbilical cord is generally about 50–60 cm long, although considerable variation may occur. Its average diameter is approximately 1–2 cm. The cord is usually coiled or twisted, giving it a characteristic spiral appearance. The number and direction of coils can vary between individuals. The fetal end is attached to the __________ ________ ______ ___ _________.
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