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Over-urbanisation in India refers to a situation where the rate of urban population growth surpasses the capacity of cities to provide adequate infrastructure, services, housing, and employment. Unlike planned urbanisation that results from industrial development and economic opportunities, over-urbanisation in Indian cities is largely driven by distress migration, rural stagnation, agrarian crisis, and environmental degradation. This rapid and unbalanced urban expansion creates multiple demographic and socio-economic consequences that impact not only urban governance but also the democratic developmental agenda of equity, inclusion, and sustainability. Demographic Consequences of Over-Urbanisation in India 1. Excessive Population Density in Urban Areas Indian metro cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Bengaluru witness extreme population concentration. Slums and squatter settlements proliferate in response to high land costs and inadequate housing supply. For example, Mumbai's Dharavi slum, housing over 800,000 people in less than 2.5 square kilometres, illustrates the demographic strain due to over-urbanisation. 2. Rural-to-Urban Migration and Skewed Age Structures A major contributor to over-urbanisation is large-scale rural-to-urban migration, particularly by young, working-age males seeking employment. This leads to an imbalance in age and sex ratios, both in source (rural) and destination (urban) areas. Urban centres become demographically younger, with a high demand for education, skill training, jobs, and social infrastructure. 3. Growth of Slums and Informal Settlements According to the 2011 Census, over 65 million Indians live in slums, and this number is expected to increase. These areas lack basic amenities like clean water, sanitation, electricity, and healthcare. Over-urbanisation leads to the expansion of such substandard settlements, creating a class of "urban poor" living in unhealthy and insecure conditions. 4. Strain on Urban Infrastructure and Resources The demographic burden of over-urbanisation exerts enormous pressure on limited resources such as ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ _______ ______ _________ _____ __________ _____ ________.
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