Distinguish between absolute poverty and relative poverty. What are the major factors that have been taken into account in the approaches to estimate poverty in India? In what way they have changed over time?

Poverty is a significant socio-economic issue faced by many countries, including India. It can be understood in various dimensions, one of which is the distinction between absolute and relative poverty. The methods used to estimate poverty in India have evolved over time, taking into account various socio-economic factors and changing economic conditions. The definitions and measurements of poverty have adapted to address the diverse nature of poverty and to better reflect the economic realities of the country.

Absolute Poverty

Absolute poverty refers to a condition where individuals or households are unable to meet the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, clothing, and healthcare. It is a standard of living below a fixed threshold, usually based on a minimum income or consumption level required to sustain life. Absolute poverty is measured using a poverty line that is typically fixed in real terms and does not change with time or economic circumstances. It is universally applicable and focuses on ensuring that individuals have enough resources to meet their basic survival needs.

The concept of absolute poverty is primarily concerned with physical deprivation, where a person lacks access to essential goods and services required for survival. The poverty line, as defined in many countries including India, is based on the cost of a minimum basket of goods that includes food, clothing, and shelter. Those who earn less than this threshold are considered to be in absolute poverty.

In India, the most common poverty line has been based on income or consumption levels, often adjusted for inflation. The poverty line in India has been traditionally based on the caloric requirement of _____ ____ _____ _________ ____ ___ ______ ____ ___ _____ _____.
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