What are the major constraints to ‘infrastructure development’ in terms of good governance and institutions in India? In particular, what factors are identified to come in the way of modernisation of ports/airports?

Infrastructure development is a crucial component for the growth and competitiveness of any economy, and India is no exception. However, India faces several constraints in this domain, particularly in terms of good governance and institutional capacity. These constraints hamper efficient planning, execution, and management of infrastructure projects, thereby slowing down economic growth and affecting service delivery in various sectors. Among the key infrastructure areas facing challenges are ports and airports, which are integral to the nation’s trade, connectivity, and overall economic development.

One of the major constraints is the inefficiency in governance mechanisms. Bureaucratic red tape and complex regulatory frameworks create delays in obtaining necessary approvals for infrastructure projects. In India, there is _______ ___ ______ ________ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________ __________ ____.
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