Discuss the various views on the Indian village community. Do you agree with the view of Irfan Habib that there was a common financial pool for the village community in India?

The Indian village began in the 18th century with intensive survey work regarding landholdings. Intensive empirical studies of village social life became popular in the 20th century. The studies by Munro, Metcalfe, Maine and Baden-Powell considered the Indian village as a closed and isolated system. Sir Charles Metcalfe considered the Indian village a monolithic, atomistic and unchanging entity. According to Metcalfe, "The village communities are little republics having nearly everything that they want within themselves and almost independent of any foreign relations."

Several anthropologists and sociologists have refuted this view. A large number of studies carried out in the 50s with the assumption that the Indian village was not static, isolated and homogeneous but it is changing had connection with wider society and had social differentiation. Migration, village exogamy,inter-village economic ties, dependence upon towns for markets, division of labour and visits to religious places have also been basic features of the Indian village, breaking its isolation and separation from its vicinity and the wider world.

Mandelbaum writes, "A village is not a neatly separable social and conceptual package but it is nonetheless fundamental social unit."The French sociologist Louis Dumont refers to three meanings of the term village community as a political society, as a body of co-owners of the soil and as the emblem of traditional economy and polity, a watchword of Indian _______ _____ ____ ____ _______ __________ _____ ____ ______ ________ _______.
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