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The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, enacted in 1992 and brought into force in 1993, marked a significant milestone in the history of democratic decentralisation in India. These amendments provided constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), thereby laying the foundation for decentralized governance in rural and urban areas respectively. Prior to these amendments, local bodies operated without constitutional backing, resulting in inconsistent functioning and inadequate empowerment. The amendments sought to promote greater participation of citizens in governance and improve the efficiency and accountability of local self-governments. The following are the salient features of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts: 1. Constitutional Status to Local Bodies: Both amendments granted constitutional recognition to PRIs (through the 73rd Amendment) and ULBs (through the 74th Amendment). This recognition transformed them from mere statutory bodies to institutions of self-government, making their establishment, structure, and functions justiciable and uniform across the country, with exceptions for certain states and areas. 2. Three-Tier Structure of PRIs (73rd Amendment): The 73rd Amendment introduced a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for rural areas across the country. This includes: * Gram Panchayat at the village level. * Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate or block level. * Zila Parishad at the district level. This structure is mandatory for all states with a population exceeding two million, ensuring representation and administration at various levels of rural governance. 3. Urban Local Bodies Classification (74th Amendment): The 74th Amendment categorized Urban Local Bodies into three types: * _______ ________ __________ _______ ____ _____.
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