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Women play a vital and often underappreciated role in livestock management, particularly within rural economies that depend heavily on mixed farming systems. Across diverse regions, women’s contribution to livestock rearing not only sustains household nutrition and income but also underpins broader agricultural productivity and the resilience of rural livelihoods. Livestock is integral to farming households, providing milk, eggs, meat, manure, hides, and draught power. In many rural contexts, while men are associated with cash crops or larger livestock enterprises, women tend to focus on small ruminants, poultry, and dairy activities, which serve as critical sources of food security and supplementary income. These gendered divisions of labor often place women at the heart of day-to-day livestock care, making their role indispensable for household survival and agricultural sustainability. In most rural households, women are directly responsible for feeding, watering, cleaning, and general care of livestock. They are typically the ones who collect fodder, cut grass, prepare crop residues, and ensure a balanced diet for the animals, despite limited access to resources such as improved feed or veterinary inputs. This responsibility is labor intensive, requiring women to walk long distances to fetch fodder or water, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where natural resources are scarce. The significance of this work is rarely acknowledged in official statistics, yet it directly determines animal health, milk yield, and overall productivity. By maintaining animal nutrition and welfare, women play a decisive role in sustaining the resource base of rural households. Beyond daily care, women are also involved in breeding, milking, and processing animal products. Milking is predominantly a female activity in many cultures, where women not only extract milk but also process it into butter, ghee, cheese, or curd for household consumption and local markets. This processing work ensures value addition and provides a steady source of income under women’s control. In societies where women’s access to land is restricted, ____ _________ __________ ________ ____ _____ ____.
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