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Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a method of providing all or most of the required nutrients directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous catheter when the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used adequately. It contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals and water. Nursing care is essential to maintain nutritional balance, prevent complications and monitor the patient's response to therapy. The nurse should first assess the patient's nutritional status, including weight, height, hydration, intake and output, skin condition and general physical condition. Baseline vital signs and laboratory investigations such as blood glucose, serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, liver function and serum proteins should be recorded. The reason for ________ _____ ______ ____ ______.
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