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Communication is a fundamental component of nursing care, but critically ill patients often experience major difficulties in expressing their needs, understanding information, and interacting with healthcare professionals and family members. These problems may arise from the illness itself, treatment procedures, environmental factors, psychological stress, or the effects of medications and supportive devices. One of the most common communication problems is inability to speak. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube cannot produce normal speech because the tube passes through the vocal cords. Tracheostomy patients may also have difficulty speaking, particularly during the initial period. Weakness, fatigue, facial trauma, neurological impairment, or __________ __________ _________ __________ _____ _____ _____ ________ _______ ____.
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