Discuss the nature of social discrimination during the colonial period.

There is no doubt that social backwardness and disprivilege emanating from social discrimihation predates colonialism. The hierarchical division of society with assigned ranks, functions and distinctions under the vama system constituted the structural framewbrk which regulated economic and ritual relationship. Viewed from the economiic angle, the jatis were hereditary, closed occupation groups and was probablk related to efforts to eliminate competition and ensure security of employment and income. Moving up within this hierarchical structure was not cornpleteli ruled out but it was rare. Two fixed points marked the extreme ends of the hierarcqical orders Brahmans on the one end and untouchables at the other. Most of the rnareinal groups belonged to the lower orders and were forced to live a precarious exisltenct. By the time colonial rule made its presence felt in the second half of the eighteenth Social Discrimination and century, the situation had become somewhat fluid, though not to the extent of Disprivileged Groups eliminating social discrimination. But as India became a colonial appendage to a ',capitalist world economy, new economic relationships began to take shape. The policy of de-industrialisation deprived the rural artisans of their hereditary occupations and, in course of time, undermined the basis of a non-competitive and hereditary system of economic organisation at the rural level. The service castes found it difficult to get their payments in the way they got under the jajmani system. In its efforts to maximise the revenue collection , the company resumed various forms of rent-free tenures resulting in the impoverishment of those service groups who were dependent on them. The insistence on contract, enforced by law and law-courts, meant that those who had access to the new system could thereby mdnipulate its levers and consolidate their position in society. Viewed in this light, the colonial rule denied many of the subordinate social groups their means of subsistence and, in course of time relegating some of them to the degraded level of '.criminal tribes'. But at the same time, by undermining the old economic basis of social organisation colonial rule fuelled an already developing tendency towards mobility. It also indirectly rendered possible the growth of lower caste protests in future. While pliable elements among the rural elites were successfuIly accommodated within the framework of the British revenue system, the intransigents were rendered powerless by the destruction of forts and disbandment of local militias uhder British rule. In course of time the dominant groups in different parts of India consolidated their position by manipulating the institutional framework of the coloniaf rule. What then was the position of subordinate groups who were subject _________ ____ _________ ______ ________ ______ _________ _______.
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