Critically assess the debate on Indian feudalism.

It was thus that in 1979 a Presidential Address to the Medieval India Section of the, Indian History Congress's fortieth session was entitled 'Was There Feudalism in Indian Histoiy?' Harbans Mukhia, its author, a committed practitioner of Marxist history writing, questioned the Indian feudalism thesis at the theoretical plane and then at the empirical level by comparing the medieval Indian scenario with medieval Europe. The theoretical problem was concerned with the issue whether feudalism could at all be conceived of as a universal system. If the driving force of profit maximisation had led capitalism on to ever rising scale of production and ever expanding market until it encompassed the whole world under its dominance, something we are witnessing right before our eyes, and if this was a characteristic of capitalism to thus establish a world system under the hegemony of a single system of production, logically it would be beyond the reach of any precapitalist system to expand itself to a world scale, i.e. to turn into a world system. For, the force of consumption rather than profit maximiation drove pnxapitalist economic systems, and this limited their capacity for expansion beyond the local or the regional level. Feudalism thus could only be a regional system rather than a world system. The problem is hard to resolve by positing different variations of feudalism: the European, the Chinese, the Japanese and the Indian, etc., although this has often been attempted by historians. For, then either the definition of feudalism turns so loose as to become synonymous with eve@ pre-capitalist system and therefore fails to demarcate feudalism fkom the others and-is thus rendered useless; or, if the definition is precise, as it should be to remain functional, the 'variations' become so __________ __________ __________ ________ ___ __________ _____ _______.
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