Critically discuss the Harappan social structure.

In 1925 archaeologists announced a spectacular discovery of immense urban ruins of two cities Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa divided apart by a distance of 640 km but identical in their layout, architecture and building technique.

In 1922 Dr. Rakhal Das Banerjee, the then Archaeological Superintendent of Western Circle noticed a Buddhist stupa at Mahenjo-daro in the Larkana district of sind (now Pakistan).

A prodigious civilization lived in the region about 5000 years ago and tied round the river Indus and its tributaries and thus identified as the Indus valley civilization.

Simultaneously Sir Dayaram Sahani discovered some remnants of pre-historic age at Harappa in Montgomery district of the Punjab (now Pakistan). Excavation in both places unearthed valuable materials of a civilisation of higher order. Excavation at various other sites at Chandra Daro, Amri, Lohunjo-daro, Noa and Rupar proved that a prodigious civilization lived in the region about 5000 years ago and tied round the river Indus and its tributaries and thus identified as the Indus valley civilization.

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During the past two decades substantial additions have been made to our knowledge of the Indus civilization. Numerous excavations have been made to by various archaeological agencies both foreign and Indian at different sites of the civilization. The discovery of Naushera in Pakistan has yielded important evidence relating to the actual process of transformation from the early to mature Harappan phase.

It is difficult to assert when such a civilization of high order flourished in the North-Western region of India. We do not get any direct source in shape of inscriptions or any written material to say the exact date and time of the civilization. During the process of excavation many seals with scripts have been discovered.

Unfortunately it is still not possible to decipher the scripts. As a result information embodied in the script are unknown till today. According to John Marshall the then Director General of Archaeology, this civilization flourished in this vast region roughly between 3250 BC to 2750 BC.

His assertion was on the basis of several similarities noticed between the discoveries of Mahenjo-daro and other ancient civilizations of the world like Mesopotamia, Egypt and Babylonia. Two other smaller sites excavated in recent years in Rojdi in Saurastra and Desalpur in Kutch districts reveals that this civilization had an extensive area of about 1600 km from West to East and 1100 km. from North to South much greater than that, occupied jointly by the contemporary civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia.

The site of Harappa is larger than Mahenjo-daro and gives more source materials to know about the lost culture. After excavation and careful study of the available sources it is estimated that the town of Mahenjo-daro or the “Mound of the Dead” was perhaps built and rebuilt nine times in the lapse of time.

Urban-Town Planning:

The excavation undertaken in various places gives clear indication that the people of Indus valley were primarily urban people. The Indus cities whether Harappa or Mahenjo-daro in Pakistan or Kalibangan, Lothal or Sarkotada in India shows Town planning of a truly amazing nature. In both the places the cities were built on a uniform plan.

To the west of each was a ‘citadel’ mound built on a high podium of mud-brick and to the east was the town proper the main hub of the residential area. The citadel and the town was further surrounded by a massive brick wall. In fact careful planning of the town, fine drainage system, well arranged water supply system prove that all possible steps were carefully adopted to make the town ideal and comfortable for the citizenry.

The street lights system, watch and ward arrangement at night to outwit the law breakers, specific places to throw rubbish and waste materials, public wells in every street, well in every house etc. revealed the high sense of engineering and town planning of the people. The main streets some as wide as 30 to 34 feet were laid out with great skill dividing the cities into blocks within which were networks of narrow lanes.

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