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With increasing age, the human body undergoes numerous physiological changes, and among the most significant are alterations in the endocrine system. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis, and their balance is crucial for health and well-being. In geriatrics, the decline in hormonal function contributes to many age-related conditions, including osteoporosis, sarcopenia, metabolic changes, cognitive decline, and reduced resilience to stress. These hormonal changes do not occur suddenly but rather develop gradually over decades, reflecting both reduced glandular secretion and altered tissue responsiveness. One of the most evident hormonal changes with age occurs in the reproductive system. In women, menopause marks a profound decline in ovarian function, leading to a sharp fall in estrogen and progesterone levels. This results in cessation of menstruation, vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes, mood changes, and an increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to loss ___ ____ _________ _________ _________ _______ ______ _________ ________ ___.
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