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With advancing age, the lymphoid organs undergo gradual and progressive changes that directly impact the immune system, leading to a state commonly referred to as immunosenescence. These changes affect both primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus and bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. As a result, the body’s capacity to mount effective immune responses declines, predisposing elderly individuals to infections, malignancies, and reduced response to vaccines. The thymus, a central ________ ___ _____ _______ ______ _____ ___.
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