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Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms. In critically ill patients, pneumonia may cause severe hypoxemia, respiratory failure, sepsis, and other complications. Therapeutic and nursing management aims to control infection, maintain adequate oxygenation, prevent complications, and promote recovery. Therapeutic management primarily involves identifying and treating the underlying cause. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy is initiated according to the suspected organism and clinical condition. Antibiotics are selected based on the type of pneumonia, local resistance patterns, culture and sensitivity reports, and patient factors. Antiviral or antifungal drugs may be administered when indicated. In severe cases, empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics may be started and later modified according to microbiological results. Oxygen therapy is provided to maintain adequate oxygen saturation. Patients with severe hypoxemia may require high-flow nasal oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, or mechanical ventilation. Bronchodilators may be ______ _______ ___ ___ _______.
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