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# Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to sudden bleeding occurring anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, from the oesophagus to the anus. It is a potentially life-threatening critical condition that may lead to hypovolemic shock, tissue hypoxia, organ dysfunction and death if not recognized and managed promptly. The pathophysiology depends mainly on the site and severity of bleeding, the underlying cause, and the patient’s ability to compensate for blood loss. Acute GI bleeding commonly results from peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal or gastric varices, gastritis, Mallory–Weiss tear, gastrointestinal malignancy, diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease and vascular abnormalities. Bleeding may occur when mucosal or submucosal blood vessels are damaged. In upper GI bleeding, gastric acid and pepsin can further damage the exposed vessel and prevent clot stability, resulting in continued haemorrhage. In portal hypertension, dilated oesophageal or gastric varices ____ ________ ________ ___ ________ __________ _______ ____ ______ ________ _____.
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