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The rise of the new managerialism approach in public administration is closely associated with the growing demand for greater efficiency, accountability, responsiveness, and effectiveness in the functioning of the public sector. During the latter half of the twentieth century, many governments across the world faced increasing fiscal pressures, expanding public expenditure, bureaucratic inefficiency, and citizen dissatisfaction with traditional administrative systems. These challenges led to the emergence of a new approach that sought to transform public administration by adopting management practices commonly used in the private sector. This approach came to be known as new managerialism and later became a key component of New Public Management (NPM). Traditional public administration was characterized __________ __________ _______ ______ ______.
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