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Governance refers to the process through which decisions are made, policies are formulated, and public affairs are managed by involving various institutions, actors, and stakeholders. It is a broader concept than government because it includes not only formal state institutions but also private organisations, civil society groups, communities, and citizens who participate in shaping social and economic outcomes. In Public Systems Management, governance focuses on the effective, accountable, transparent, and participatory management of public resources and services to achieve collective goals. Traditionally, governance was associated with the functioning of government institutions, administrative structures, and the exercise of authority by the state. However, contemporary understanding views governance as a dynamic process involving cooperation among multiple actors. It emphasizes how power is exercised, how decisions are implemented, and how different stakeholders interact to address _____ ____ ______ ___ _______.
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