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# Environmental Factors Affecting Health Health is influenced not only by genetic and individual factors but also by the environment in which people live, work and interact. Environment includes all external physical, chemical, biological, social and behavioural conditions surrounding an individual. A healthy environment supports physical and mental well-being, whereas an unhealthy environment can cause disease, disability and premature death. Environmental health is therefore an important component of public health and is closely associated with safe water, sanitation, clean air, proper housing, hygienic food, effective waste management and a safe workplace. Air quality is one of the most important environmental determinants of health. Air pollution may arise from industries, motor vehicles, construction activities, burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities and household fuels. Pollutants such as particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and ozone can enter the respiratory system and produce irritation and inflammation. Continuous exposure may contribute to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory infections, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer and premature mortality. Children, older adults and people with existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions are particularly vulnerable. Indoor air pollution from biomass fuels and inadequate ventilation can also cause significant respiratory illness. Water is essential for life, and access to safe drinking water is a fundamental requirement for health. Contaminated water may contain pathogenic microorganisms, chemicals, heavy metals and other harmful substances. Microbial contamination can cause diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, dysentery and hepatitis. Chemical contamination may result in chronic health effects depending on the contaminant and duration of exposure. Proper water treatment, safe storage, sanitation and protection of water sources are therefore essential environmental health measures. Sanitation and hygiene have a major influence on the transmission of infectious diseases. Open defecation, inadequate sewage disposal and poor drainage can contaminate soil and water and create breeding places for disease vectors. Poor personal hygiene, especially inadequate handwashing, facilitates ____ ___ _______ __________ ______ ______ ____.
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