Describe the concept on internationalisation of public governance.

The increasingly transnational character of societal challenges has led to an expansion of international governance structures. An important element of this development is the rise of administrative bodies at the international level, which have grown in size, number and importance. While the European Commission is the most prominent example, other bodies include the United Nations Secretariat and the Staff of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The growth of these bodies has challenged existing theories of international relations. Traditionally, international organizations were seen as arenas for power struggles or cooperation between states, in line with dominant realist and liberal theories. The secretariats of international organizations were seen as little more than support bodies for negotiations between member states. Yet, in recent decades, some international relations scholars have argued that international organizations should be regarded as actors in their own right, which act with some degree of autonomy from member states and may exert an independent influence on global public policies (e.g., Barnett and Finnemore 1999, 2004; Chwieroth 2009). These studies highlight how organizational features of international organizations matter for their behavior and influence.

These insights have inspired a nascent literature on the administrative aspects of international organizations, discussed under the headings of ‘international bureaucracies’, ‘compound bureaucracies’ and ‘international public administrations’ (Bauer et al. 2017; Knill and Bauer 2016; Trondal et al. 2010; Xu and Weller 2008). This literature adopts a public administration perspective to conceptualize key aspects of international administrative bodies, such as their autonomy, behavior and influence. This is undoubtedly a worthwhile endeavor. Whereas international relations scholars have neglected the administrative features of international organizations, public administration scholars have paid scant attention to what happens when public administration goes international. Scholarship on international public administrations thus brings an increasingly important class of public organizations into public administration research.

However, so far, this literature has only partly succeeded in providing a foundation for public administration research at the international level. First, the theorizing of key dimensions of international public administrations has remained under-developed and not firmly rooted in existing public administration scholarship. Second, the literature has paid insufficient attention to international administrations’ relationship with politics, traditionally a key concern for public administration scholars (Aberbach et al. 1981; Peters 1988). Without a proper understanding of the role of politics or the political regime within which bureaucracies exist one can hardly appreciate the functioning of public administrations, including international administrations.

The goal of this essay is to contribute to public administration research on international organizations by critically reviewing existing literature on international public administrations (hereafter IPAs) and by suggesting an alternative theoretical approach for understanding these bodies. We first examine how existing literature deals with three key topics relating to IPAs: bureaucratic autonomy, administrative behavior and policy-making influence. We review contributions that seek to conceptualize and theorize international organizations as public administrations or bureaucracies. While the review is not exhaustive, we believe it covers central scholars and arguments in the debate about IPAs. We then propose an alternative theoretical framework _________ _________ _________ __________ __________ _________ ___ ______ _____ ____.
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